Value of Liberal Arts Essay Example For Students

Estimation of Liberal Arts Essay Instead of simply realizing realities room the course reading, aesthetic sciences training applies that to regular daily existence. Going to a college or school that is human sciences makes individuals wonder why they need to take certain classes inconsequential to their major or field of study. Maybe an individual is endeavoring to turn into a specialist and is studying science and furthermore chipping away at their Pre-Med courses. Rather than simply taking science and related courses, a human sciences instruction requires taking History, English, Art, and different courses alongside that. In any case, why? None these courses are vital in turning into a specialist, so why need them, True, these courses may not be obligatory with regards to getting ones doctorate certificate, yet close to ones expert life, they have their own life also. Consider why History is significant in a people life: regardless of what calling an individual is attempting to get into, they are a resident of the United States or of some nation, and thinking about governmental issues, it is imperative to settle on choices to help either their future or their childrens future. Furthermore, our reality is loaded with social assorted variety; such a large number of individuals of various races are accumulated in this one nation of our own. Because of these individuals, such a large number of changes have been happening the nation is getting all the more all around intelligent and certain undertakings are redistributing to various nations. For this, one must have the option to blend in With the various societies, know a couple of various dialects to a great extent. The world is changing, and individuals must have the option to keep up. In this way, regardless of What calling one is getting into, history or any social examinations is significant in a people regular day to day existence. History, however human sciences assesses any course an individual is taking; regardless of whether it identifies with their major or not, the courses required are to help apply a few aptitudes into regular day to day existence as opposed to calling alone. Moreover, Liberal Arts empowers an individual to think. Procure, and see the master plan, As said it grows information and helps in applying the data to day by day life, however it additionally widens a people own brain permitting them to have an independent mind, It will elevate an individual to construct their own sentiments, settle on their own choices, obtain their own ethics, and simply have the option to have their own viewpoint on the world rather tot obliging what their folks accept; they will have gained their own allowance of faith based expectations. When an individual builds up their point of view toward the world, the world turns into a progressively justifiable spot. They have their own place on the planet; its not as confounding as it once might have been, not realizing where to make the principal strides. An aesthetic sciences instruction, which ranges from fundamentally anything to everything, from history to English to science to human instinct, and so forth, will give all the apparatuses important to comprehend the world; our disarray will be filled in with this very data. Be that as it may, how precisely does human sciences assume the job in learning this data? An aesthetic sciences school isnt to retain the real factors out Of the book, it is likewise to comprehend the material all around; that is the means by which one learns the material. Remembering the material will be of no utilization later on. Understudies retain exclusively to handle the class With high evaluations, however understanding the data will live long and help all through. As the years go on, teachers will expand on the past old material and extra new material. Definitely realizing past material will make it a lot simpler to get familiar with the new preliminary. .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 , .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 .postImageUrl , .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 , .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3:hover , .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3:visited , .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3:active { border:0!important; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3:active , .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-design: underline; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa1 15a0fe37bc3 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uea0d7be8a8e7fefaebaa115a0fe37bc3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Candide - A Contrast to Optimism EssayLiberal expressions training serves a lot in making our initial steps into the develop world, instead of having someones hand to hold. Inside and out, human sciences instruction is significant in light of the fact that it widens information and helps understudies in applying what they have figured out how to this present reality where they can see the greater, more extensive picture. At the point when first coming into this world, youngsters held their folks fingers, yet now, becoming more established, similar kids need to relinquish those once clasped hands and become something oftener own all alo ne, and a human sciences training advances only that.

The electric guitar is an important cultural icon of the twentieth Essay

The electric guitar is a significant social symbol of the twentieth century - Essay Example This The electric guitar is a significant social symbol of the twentieth century paper plots the effect of the electric guitar's advancement on the music's history. As music got mainstream in the twentieth century, there was a need to have instruments with noisy volume that catches melodic execution. The advancement of electric guitar caught melodic execution and pulled in various crowds to music. In 1930s, it was apparent that productive jazz craftsmen, for example, Aynsley Dunbar and George Duke utilized electric guitars in their presentation. The instrument turned into a need to draw in countless crowds. During that time, numerous electric guitars were sold. A portion of the electric guitar pioneers of the 1930s and 1940s incorporate craftsmen, for example, Jazzmen, Oscar Moore, and Eddie Durham, nation pickers Merle Travis and Noel Boggs, Muddy Waters, and T-Bone Walker. These specialists focused on the new electric sound, which caught a large number of their crowd. During the 19 30s, jazz and nation artists, for example, Charlie Christian understood that the electric guitar had the capacity to contend and troupe music execution. Having lost confidence and expectation in the American dream, numerous youthful specialists utilized the electric guitar in their presentation to communicate their sentiments of receptiveness, disarray, new thoughts, and new ways. Numerous specialists understood that the electric guitar was a symbol of the twentieth century and the most relevant outlet to communicate considerations and sentiments about what was happening during that period. Guitar legends, for example, Jimi Hendrix, Jeff Beck, and Eric Clapton set up innovative and better approaches to communicate with the electric guitar. These craftsmen guaranteed that their music and instrumentation caught numerous individuals to consider American approaches and dreams that were lost during the Vietnam and cold war. The electric guitar turned into a symbol to communicate contempl ations on hostile to war messages. The sound and songs of the electric guitar pulled in a great many people to music, which by that period was an amazing mechanism of correspondence (Sokolow 2008, p78). For example, different classes and gatherings grasped the electric guitar to communicate their messages, for example, the social liberties and women’s rights development. Dark guitarists, for example, B.B King investigated blues music with their electric guitar and this helped them to communicate their failure in America and their tribulations and preliminaries. Ladies, for example, Bonnie Raitt unmistakably exhibited how the electric guitar was a symbol of the twentieth century. In her music execution, Raitt utilized the instrument to communicate her considerations on how ladies were separated in the general public and denied their privileges to practice human and monetary force. In many shows, Raitt and King utilized electric guitar to communicate the most profound needs tha t influenced the network, for example, bigotry, separation, and

The Struggles of Our Life

The Struggles of Our Life Once upon a time a daughter complained to her father that her life was miserable and that she didn’t know how she was going to make it. She was tired of fighting and struggling all the time. It seemed just as one problem was solved, another one soon followed.Her father, a chef, took her to the kitchen. He filled three pots with water and placed each on a high fire. Once the three pots began to boil, he placed potatoes in one pot, eggs in the second pot and ground coffee beans in the third pot. He then let them sit and boil without saying a word to his daughter. The daughter moaned and impatiently waited, wondering what he was doing. After twenty minutes he turned off the burners. He took the potatoes out of the pot and placed them in a bowl. He took the eggs out and placed them in a bowl. He then ladled the coffee out and placed it in a cup.Turning to her, he asked. “What do you see?” “Potatoes, eggs and coffee,” she hastily replied. “Look closer”, he said, “and touc h the potatoes.” She did and noted that they were soft.He then asked her to take an egg and break it. After pulling off the shell, she observed the hard-boiled egg.Finally, he asked her to sip the coffee. Its rich aroma brought a smile to her face.“Father, what does this mean?” she asked.He explained that the potatoes, the eggs and coffee beans had each faced the same adversity â€" the boiling water. However, each one reacted differently.The potato went in strong, hard and unrelenting, but in boiling water, it became soft and weak. The egg was fragile, with the thin outer shell protecting its liquid interior until it was put in the boiling water. Then the inside of the egg became hard. However, the ground coffee beans were unique. After they were exposed to the boiling water, they changed the water and created something new.“Which one are you?” he asked his daughter. “When adversity knocks on your door, how do you respond? Are you a potato, an egg, or a coffee bean?”Th e moral of the story:In life, things happen around us, and things happen to us. The only thing that truly matters is your choice of how you react to it and what you make of it. Learn, adapt and choose to make the best of each experience.

Airline Companies The United States - 1064 Words

Many have us have flown in our lifetime, in fact, according to the report from the Bureau of Transportation (2014); there were 824,832,951 passengers and 9,706,403 domestic and international flights in 2013. Regardless of your fears or thoughts about flying, the reality is that most of us will have to fly at some point in our lives. Airline companies understand how stressful planning a trip can be; therefore, their goal is to make it as simple and customer-friendly and convenient as possible. Although perhaps perceived as a profitable business, airline companies have gone through major struggles in the recent years. From rising fuel prices, to the catastrophic events of 9-11, the way airline companies operate has evolved and those that continue to stay in business have had to endure changing customer needs, challenging financials, and steep competition. Although there are many airline companies around the world and in the United States, there are nine similar and therefore, competit or, major low-cost carriers that exist and operate today in the United States: Spirit Airlines, Southwest Airlines, US Airways/American Airlines, JetBlue, Delta, United, Frontier, Alaska Airlines and Virgin America. The most recent merge between US Airways and American Airlines proves that it is a tough economy to survive in and staying alive, many times signifies coming together. JetBlue, often tag-lined as, â€Å"New York’s Hometown Airline,† is one of the low-cost carrier companies thatShow MoreRelatedUnited Airlines1172 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿United Airlines Introduction United Airlines is an American key airline whose headquarters is based in Illinois Chicago. The United airline operates mainly in the United States and across other regions such as such as Japan and Guam. The airline handle and average of about 45,000 passengers on daily basis and employs over 88,000 individuals. SWOT ANALYSIS Swot analysis refers to the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats that a business faces. Every company has its strengths, weaknessesRead MoreSkywest1539 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction SkyWest Airlines (SkyWest) was a rare breed in the ultra-competitive regional airline industry. As the overall airline industry suffered through terrorist attacks, rising fuel costs, and increased competition, SkyWest was able to grow its business and sustain profitability. The aforementioned events that impacted the airline industry had a severe effect on the structure of the industry as a whole. Several major airlines were in the process of emerging from bankruptcy while mergersRead MoreThe Flight Of The Airline Industry1231 Words   |  5 Pagesservices (e.g. Ford) and passenger service airlines had emerged during this period. With the passage of the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978, it opened a new chapter for the airline industry (Air Transport Industry, 2014). Thought out the past 110 years, the airline industry progressed with technology aspect as well as the economic aspect; recessions, economic downturns and oil crisis have impacted the industry (Zarb B. , 2014). The air travel in the United States grew fast until 2001, which expanded toRead MoreThe History Of The Airline Industry935 Words   |  4 PagesThe history of the airline industry has proven to be one of the most turbulent and unreliable industries to date. Many airlines have found ways to succeed, or simply keep their heads above water, while other companies have not been so lucky. We ve seen legacy airlines such as Pan American and Trans World Atlantic, who once reigned the industry, fall beyond recovery into bankruptcy and forced to shut down, while other airlines have become very successful. One airline that has been able to make airRead MoreSouthwest Airlines : Strategic Focus768 Words   |  4 PagesSouthwest Airlines SWOT Established in 1967, Southwest Airlines Co. is a major United States Airlines. The company boasts being both the nation s largest carrier in terms of â€Å"originating domestic passengers boarded† (para 2), but also as the title of largest global low cost airline carrier (Southwest Investor Relations, 2015). Not only does Southwest Airlines host flights to 95 various locations within the United States, the company also ensures safe travels to six additional countries outside ofRead MoreA Case Study On Southwest And Will Address Acquisitions871 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been around and have been popular in the United States for decades. It has been said that that mergers and acquisitions have contributed to the reconstruction of businesses during the 80’s and 90’s. The following is an analysis of a case study on Southwest and will address acquisitions, mergers, and restructuring. Acquisitions are popular in the United States and there are many reasons why a company decides to acquire another company. Companies will decide to acquire a business in order to increaseRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On A Countrys Economy1215 Words   |  5 Pagesintegration between companies and governments of different countries, which has lead to an increased international trade. As a result of globalization countries can produce more because they are more markets for their products, which in returns adds to GDP. One of the engines of globalization is the transportation and logistics industry, and this industry is considered an engine because without the industry globalization would not be possible. Today with globalization companies can set up factoriesRead MoreAnalysis of American Airlines Competitors Environment997 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Airlines Competitors Environment Analysis Name Institutional Affiliation Date: American Airlines Competitors Environment Analysis American airline industry is steadily growing at an extremely strong rate. This growth comes with a number economic and social advantage. This contributes a great deal to the international inventory. The US airline industry is a major economic aspect in both the outcome on other related industries like tourism and manufacturing of aircraft and its own termsRead MoreSouthwest Airlines : International Passenger Transport Routes1170 Words   |  5 Pages The History of Southwest Airlines Student Name University Name The History of Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines Co is a low-cost airline in the United States. Southwest is the largest airline in the United States by number of domestic passengers carried per year .Southwest, the sixth largest US airline by revenue and it maintains the second largest fleet of airliners of all commercial airlines worldwide. On the July 12, 2008, Southwest operated approximately 3,500 daily flights. SouthwestRead MoreAviation Industry Is Not Immune For Changing Economics, Low Demands, And Threats1161 Words   |  5 Pages aviation is not immune to changing economics, low demands, and threats. Throughout the history, there have been hundreds of airlines formed, but some have already disappeared and some are still going strong. Aviation industry is constantly being challenged by economic status, organizations, and individuals which affect the revenue, growth and profitability of each airline. Tragic events that took place on September 11, 2001 put a huge dent in the industry but currently in the process of recovering

Essay about Analysis of Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

Analysis of Brave New World by Aldous Huxley Brave New World by Aldous Huxley was published in 1932 after two major global events- World War Two from 1914-1918 and The Great Depression of 1929-1933. These two events changed the way people saw the world and made people see the events were beyond the control of individuals and even governments. Also at this time the world was seeing the rise in technology and the view that science could help solve some of the problems. Much of the technology has been developed because of the war and the mass of people had suffered because of it. All problems with society led to a rise in totalitarian regimes such as those in Russia, Italy and Germany. Huxley uses the novel to question the†¦show more content†¦Everything is done for them and they have no contact with the natural world. An individual’s humanity belongs to the state and not themselves as everything is oppressed for the good of society. Huxley has created a world where science and technology dominate both the natural world and humanity. The ‘wild’ is shut away behind electric fences that kill and keep in anything natural. In this text the natural world has come to dominate creation in BNW and this shows the lack of need for any natural processes. Utopia and Dystopia: In this ironic ‘utopian’ world all problems have been eliminated, pain and disease removed and everyone is happy. All things that could cause a problem for the individual such as families, marriage, religion, all fine arts and love have been taken away by the state. At first it may seem an ideal world but as we enter into it we find that a small number of individuals are unhappy and that stability and happiness has come at a cost. Huxley considers in the text whether humans can live in an alternative environment to one we have today and whether science can provide this environment. The environment that he creates in BNW shows itself to be dystopia. BNW is a dystopian novel for several reasons, the most obvious being that the text presents scientific advancement in the extreme and its effect on humans. HereShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Brave New World By Aldous Huxley1281 Words   |  6 PagesLenina: Rebel or Conformist? The novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley presents us a number of fascinating characters, such as Lenina, who is arguably the most interesting and complex figure depicted by Aldous Huxley. In a society that conditions its population and imposes social norms, individuals can be separated into two distinct categories: the few who chose to speak up and act against the oppressive system, and most common, the conformists who blindly follow the rules and do not question authorityRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesMatlen EWRC Period: 1 December 7, 2016 Class Struggle In his text Brave New World Aldous Huxley imagines a society genetically engineered and socially conditioned to be a fully functioning society where everyone appears to be truly happy. This society is created with each person being assigned a social status from birth, much like caste system in modern society or the social or the social strata applied to everyday society. Huxley shows the issues of class struggle from the marxist perspective whenRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesGiancarlo Ricci LA 9, period 4 October 21, 2016 MAIN THEME:   It is essential to prioritize individual happiness, emotion, and humanity in order for your life to have value. OVERALL TONE: Satirical Novel Cover Art Analysis The novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, is set in a â€Å"utopian† society where individuals are born into a strict social destiny and given recreational sex and drugs to maintain universal happiness and social stability. The major theme exhibited is individual happiness, emotionRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World949 Words   |  4 PagesHistory is an analysis of the past to gain knowledge and techniques of proceeding humanity in the right direction. However, all dystopian novels’ authors assume this notion of doomsday where some present alternative worlds to current ones, while others present worlds that would result from the collapse of a current one; a time when the last standing man makes the decision to save humanity by sacrificing the morals and values of modern society. These new societies emerge by using past societies asRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World 2445 Words   |  10 PagesFoundations for a Future Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World criticizes a society in which sex is a commodity, self-determination in non-existent, and happiness derives from consumerism. Huxley writes the novel as a warning to both contemporary and future generations of the dangers of progress built upon the wrong foundations. The novel is a portrayal of Huxley’s own society in which talkies, the radio and premarital sex, were on the rise and like many others of his time he believed that moralsRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1278 Words   |  6 Pagesanother note, he said it is â€Å"a potent, even enriching.† Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, expands on this idea of exilation. Throughout the novel, several characters are faced with being exiled, whether it be from their home or community. In particular, a man by the name of John seems to experience the bulk of it. John’s experiences show that being exiled is alienating and, at the same time, enriching, whi le also portraying the effects of a world with complete government control over technology andRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1420 Words   |  6 Pagesexcessive effort to become perfect can be counteractive and lead to dysfunctionality. In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, characters live in a dystopian society that sprouted from the human yearning for perfection. Although the citizens in Brave New World are genetically engineered to be perfect individuals and are on soma constantly to keep them happy and efficient, they lack individuality.. Brave New World is a novel that clearly demonstrates that trying to create a perfect society can result inRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s A Brave New World1708 Words   |  7 Pagessocieties, specifically those of the fictional variety we apply our mashed set of ideals based on truth and happiness on each of these different societies . In Aldous Huxley’s A Brave New World, by conventional societies ideas the citizens of the world state know nothing of traditional reality and by the standards of the traditional world are far from a state of contentment, but if examined by the ideals of the society in question the overall appearance is quite different. the population seems happyRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1591 Words   |  7 Pagesinsignificant in terms of an independent person, and because of this, people have to actively find ways to keep ourselves occupied. Aldous Huxley was born July 26, 1984. His father was a scientist that helped to develop the theory of evolution. Science was obviously a large part of his life and was most likely a key source of inspiration for his book. In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, Individualism is a rarity and society is structured to serve a higher class of people. Society is built around five classes;Read MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1079 Words   |  5 Pagesthe corners of the world there are divers e perspectives , that lead to the conclusion that there is no such thing as a Universal Utopia. In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley , we are able to understand the critical differences between our modern day society and the dystopian one created in the novel. There is no such thing as â€Å"perfection† and in order to function everyone should choose who they want to be, which is the complete opposite of the society formed in the Brave New World. In this society there

Change Speech Free Essays

Today I am here to talk to you about change, and a few different texts that have challenged my thinking and broadened my understanding of change. Change, we have all experienced it change at one stage of our life, for the better or maybe even for the worse. But change is a normal part of our life’s, and we have to deal with it the best we can. We will write a custom essay sample on Change Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now After studying these texts, Raw by Scott Monk, Andrew Denton’s interview with Aron Ralston, and the short storey the Final Game by Olivia Coleman. My understanding of change has broadened and i am now much more aware of people’s experiences and how they have overcome and dealt with change. Aron Ralston was a young mountaineer. While he was on a mountaineering trip through Blue John Canyon in Utah in April 2003, a boulder crushed his right arm, pinning it against the cliff wall. Aron did not inform anyone of his trip, so he knew that nobody would be searching for him. He spent five days slowly sipping his only small amount of water left, while trying to dislodge his arm. Assuming that he would die, he ran out of water and began to drink his own urine. He video tapped his last goodbyes to his family and friends with a little camcorder he had in his backpack. Aron, so sure that he would die now, carved his name and date of death into the cliff face. After surviving the fifth day, he decided that there was only one way out of here alive. He was forced to amputate his own arm. Using the chalkstone as a vice he managed to snap both bones in his arm. Then using a dull two dollar pocket knife he began to slice through the skin in his arm. Using a pair of pliers to twist and snap his tendon, it was a miracle he didn’t pass out from the pain and blood loss. Once free Aron had to make a 65foot rappel down a sheer drop, then hike seven miles out of the canyon in the hot midday sun to reach his car. After surviving all those odds, he was told he had a bone infection and only had a fifty – fifty percent chance to live. Luckily Aron survived the infection and made a full recovery and lives on with a prosthetic arm. Aron has gone on to design many attachments for not only his arm, but other handicapped people as well. ‘Between a Rock and a hard place’ was the book that Aron published to tell his story and share his experience with others. Aron has shown us that a extremely negative situation can change your life for the positive, and it has certainly changed his life. We see this during his interview on the show Enough Rope with Andrew Denton that his personality has changed; he has a greater sense of patience and has come to appreciate his friends and family more. Even with just one arm Aron says that he has a greater ability to tackle everyday situations and problems, because he knows that he can overcome anything that life throws at him. In another text Raw by Scott Monk, shows us that different people relate to change in different ways. Two characters in particular, Brett Dalton and Josh Collins. Josh is a young man that is open to change and we see this when he says â€Å"Sam doesn’t order me to do anything, He’s my friend, I live on his farm, I do what he says†. Sam is the owner of The Farm, and institute were troubled boys go to seek help in straightening out there life. Brett was sent to The Farm after committing several crimes against the law. There’s one problem though, Brett doesn’t want anything to do with The Farm, he doesn’t want to do what he’s told, he doesn’t care what anyone thinks, and he just doesn’t want to change. To make things worse he feels trapped and alienated from the other boys, and doesn’t fit in. Sam, the owner of the farm, puts up with Brett’s ‘shit’ for as long as he can. He knows that he can change Brett, and won’t give up until he does. Fortunately for Brett, the farm slowly changes his personality to a more positive and caring young man. He begins to fit in with most of the boys, but there will always be one or two that don’t like the way he acts. After some time on the farm Brett seemed to have turned his life around. But it was no happy ending for Brett, as the cops found him after someone dobbed him in for trespassing. Brett was going back to a jail thinking that all this was just a waste of time, but it wasn’t. He still had his friends that he’s made, and the lessons that he had learned along the way. Brett was given the chance to start again, a fresh start to do things right from the beginning. He had changed his own life, something he thought he could never do. Change doesn’t always have to be a positive thing, as shown in the short story by Olivia Coleman called The Final Game. The Final Game is a story about a young man that has a love for football and is very good at it. He is only ever referred to as ‘He’. The author has used this technique to show that ‘he’ can refer to any young man his age. Although he is extremely good at what he does, a serious knee injury is holding him back. Finding it hard to make friends and get selected for the top footy teams, he always things quite negatively about himself. To make things worse, he has a dream to one day couch a footy team, but his parents are only holding him back from this dream. We see this when his dad says â€Å"sorry mate we can’t afford it, you’re stuck here† and â€Å"that’s for wankers, decent blokes stay on the land†. This only creates more negative feelings within him. Until one night he couldn’t take it anymore and took off in his dads Ute. Speeding down the dark road, he lost control of the vehicle. He found himself dangling upside down from the seatbelt, he could feel his legs, and at that moment he realised that his life had changed forever. These three texts have challenged my thinking and broadened my understanding of change. They each show change from a different perspective. From Aron Ralston retelling his story of survival to â€Å"The Final Game† which showed that change might not always turn out positive. I hoped that you all learnt something from these texts, because I sure have. And I hoped you enjoyed my speech on change. How to cite Change Speech, Essay examples

Marxism And Economic Theory Essays (1985 words) -

Marxism and Economic Theory Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone hand in hand with the passage of time for human society. Systems have been developed to regulate, direct and control the resources of this society. The systems are referred to as governments and the resources as the populace or inhabitants and forces of production. A government must be dynamic in its nature reflecting the change in society. At times these systems have resisted the necessity to adapt with its components (Society) creating a deficit between the system and those it regulates. As the deficits develop, they cause instability, and could lead to revolution.1 Theories have been developed to explain the systemic phenomenon called revolution. This paper will discuss three modern theories and apply them to the English revolution of 1640. The first theory, developed by Carl Marx (Marxism), will address the economic evolution in English society. This theory will emphasize and explain how the shift from a feudal/mercantile system to capitalism affected English society. The second, called the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) developed by Charles Tilly, will explain how the English organizations (the Crown and the Parliament) effectively obtained, amassed and managed resources. Samuel Huntington's, "Institutional Theory", will argue that the existing government at that time was unable to incorporate the demands and personnel that the socio-economic changes created. Marxism was formulated in the 19th century. Carl Marx and his associate Frederick Engels observed the socio-economic changes that were transpiring in Britain. England was the dominant world power and had the largest industrialized economy during the 1800's. The development of the factory and the institution of the assembly line created a large demand for workers. This demand was satiated by migrating peasant from the rural areas in England and Ireland to developing urban centers. As these urban centers or cities evolved using industry as the economic backbone for the population, a large number of factory workers were accumulated to operate the machinery in horrid conditions. These workers, which would be termed as the peasantry under a feudal system, were now the working class or proletariat. They entered cities with hopes of bettering their lives and survival. Though revolution never took place in England during this period, it allowed Marx to study industrialization, urbanization and imperialism. The theory of Marxism has three basic concepts: historic materialism, forces of production and relations of production. Historic materialism is defined as a society's past performance and present capabilities of satisfying the basic means of life. Humankind's basic needs of eating, drinking and shelter need to be met properly. The forces of production (technology, capital, the infrastructure of society, etc.) are important for the simple fact of who ever controls them controls the society. The last aspect of Marxism, the relations of production, deals directly with the relationships between classes of people (the aristocracy, the middle-class and the working class).2 Marxism includes a predictive analysis of socio-economic structures. Using history, logic and the dynamic nature of humankind as guidelines, Carl Marx attempts to map out a sequence of events which will eventually lead to utopia (anarchy). In his work, Das Capital, Marx details the six steps. These steps are primitive socialism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism and then anarchy. The evolution of the English economic system during the 16th and 17th centuries points to a shift from feudalism to capitalism. This shift is exemplified by the enclosures. The landlords began to fence their property in the common land areas. The "commons" were large plots of grazing and farmable lands that were used by both farmers and artisans. When the land-owners and manorial lords began to partition these lands the concept of private ownership of property was introduced to the socio-economic system.3 During the time period of the 16th and 17th centuries the crown's economic base began a gradual decline. This economic shrinkage came to a spearhead during the reign of Charles I. The monarchy favored a monopoly market system over a competitive one. The purpose for this position was for taxation and control of the profits. As the artisan and merchant populations increased, the policy of the crown began conflicting with economic growth. This created instability in three areas. First, the English

Cesaro summation Essays - Mathematical Analysis, Mathematics

Cesaro summation Essays - Mathematical Analysis, Mathematics Cesaro summation Does 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 = 1/2? Submitted to: Mr. Mark Submitted by: Putri Introduction In mathematical analysis, which includes the study sequences and series, the infinite series 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ., can be also called Grandi's series. This is named after an Italian mathematician, philosopher and a priest, Guido Grandi. It is known as a divergent series which means that it lacks a sum in the conventional sense. Contrarily, the Cesaro sum is . Cesaro summation allocates values to some infinite sums which are not convergent usually. This sum is defined as the limit of the arithmetic mean of the partial sums of the series. It is named after Ernesto Cesaro, an Italian analyst (1859 - 1906). Most individuals often acknowledge statements and proofs regarding the Cesaro summation as an implication of Eilenberg-Mazur swindle. One example can be drawn from the Grandi's series. It is usually applied to the Grandi's series and the conclusion is that the sum of that series is . This result is totally be disproven. What is the sum of the infinite sequence 1, -1, 1, -1, 1? From my opinion, the two major intuitive answers are either that it sums to zero or no sum at all. If we arrange the pattern into pairs, then each pair (1, -1), which in result gives a 0. However if we arrange the pattern by first leaving the 1, then grouping pairs of (-1,1) would end up giving a sum of 1. First of all, it's worth seeing why we shouldn't just use our formula for an infinite geometric series: In the formula, r is the multiplicative constant of -1. The infinite geometric formula requires that the absolute value of r is less than 1, or else the series will not converge. The Cesaro Method Let a n } be a sequence, and let be the k th partial sum of the series. The series is called Cesaro summable, with Cesaro sum , if the average value of its partial sums tends to A : Simply put, the Cesaro sum of an infinite series is the limit of the arithmetic mean of the first n partial sums of the series, as n approaches infinity. If a series is convergent, then it can be summed and called Cesaro summable and its Cesaro sum is 0. For any convergent sequence, the corresponding series will be Cesaro summable and the limit of the sequence occur simultaneously with the Cesaro sum. Mathematical Computations Using the Cesaro method, If a n = (1) n +1 for n 1. It means, a n } is the sequence. 1,-1,1,-1... Then the sequence of partial sums s n } is 1, 0, 1, 0, ... so while the series not converge, if we calculate the terms of the sequence ( s 1 + + s n ) / n } we get: so that So, by using various different methods, I have shown that this series "should" have a summation of 0 (grouping in pairs), or that it "should" have a sum of 1 (grouping in pairs after the first 1), or that it "should" have no sum as it simply oscillates, or that it "should" have a Cesaro sum of , unsurprisingly it caused so much dismay amongst mathematicians. Conclusion The Grandi's series got its name after a few hundred years of mathematical debate to find what the correct summation was. This is quite a long time. And one of the solution to it was the finding of Cesaro summation which gives a result of . To sum up, we can never know the Cesaro sum if no one discover or study the series in depth, so we can't just guess the real answer based on our intuition, it could be correct but in reality, there is so much more that needs to be discovered. The series can actually be extended to a more complex one, , this includes the exploration of the sum of powers of i. The Ce saro sum shows how different proofs can sometimes lead to different and unforeseen results. What does this statements say about the nature of proof? Reflection

20 Words Meaning Being or Existing in the Past

20 Words Meaning Being or Existing in the Past 20 Words Meaning Being or Existing in the Past 20 Words Meaning Being or Existing in the Past By Mark Nichol This list features former and eighteen other adjectives (and a prefix) that can be used to refer to a position no longer held or a state no longer active, exclusive of the synonyms for original. 1. antecedent: Though this word is usually seen in noun form, it can also be an adjective, as in â€Å"She wants to answer the antecedent question.† 2. earlier: This comparative of early, like most words on this list, can function as an adjective as well as an adverb; in the former usage, one can say, for example, â€Å"The earlier iteration had many flaws.† 3. erstwhile: This somewhat stuffy, self-conscious synonym for former was originally an adverb, as in â€Å"The two were erstwhile adversarial† but has been in use as an adjective since the early 1900s. The first syllable from this word from Old English is from the superlative for ere (â€Å"before†). 4. ex-: This prefix is attached, nearly always with a hyphen, to a noun to signify that a status is no longer current, as in â€Å"All four living ex-presidents attended the event.† (The exception is when an en dash is used in place of the hyphen to signal that what follows the prefix is an open compound, as in â€Å"All four living ex–vice presidents attended the event.† It might be better, however, just to use former or another alternative.) The prefix, which originally meant â€Å"from† or â€Å"out of† but now has several senses, is also sometimes used as a stand-alone word, especially in reference to a former significant other, as in â€Å"Oh, I saw your ex the other day.† 5. former: This is the default word to describe the sense of something no longer being what it was; it can also be used as the antonym of latter to refer to the first of two things. 6. late: When used on its own to modify a person’s name (â€Å"the late John Smith†), it means that the person is deceased. â€Å"Late of,† however, is an outdated way of saying that someone is no longer associated with something, as in â€Å"Mary Jones, late of Centerville† (meaning that she recently lived there). 7. onetime: This synonym of former (â€Å"Mary Jones is a onetime resident of Centerville†) may also mean â€Å"done or happening one time only†). The word is sometimes hyphenated when the latter meaning is intended. 8. old: Old distinguishes something from something else from an earlier time that was replaced, as in â€Å"I think that the old design looks better.† 9. original: This word can be used in place of former or a synonym to refer to an initial state, as in â€Å"The original plans called for a large entrance.† 10. other: This word occasionally substitutes for former, as in â€Å"In other times, we might not have given it a second thought†; a similar usage is, for example, â€Å"the other day,† referring to a recent day. 11. past: This word is used narrowly in the sense of someone who no longer holds a position, as in â€Å"past president.† 12. precedent: Like the similar word antecedent, this term is usually used as a noun but can function as an adjective, as in â€Å"A precedent event in her life turned out to be a character-defining one.† 13. preceding: Preceding has the same sense as precedent and is used more commonly. 14. preexisting: This word means â€Å"existing in an earlier time.† (Note that the prefix pre- is not attached to the root word with a hyphen.) 15. previous: Previous can mean â€Å"existing before in general† or â€Å"existing immediately before,† depending on whether one writes, for example, â€Å"a previous administration† or â€Å"the previous administration.† 16. prior: This word is identical in meaning to previous, though it is less likely than that word to be used to refer to mean â€Å"immediately previous†; it also has the sense, rarely employed, of â€Å"being more important because it came first.† 17. quondam: This direct borrowing from Latin was originally an adverb and a noun, but those usages are obsolete, and adjectival use is rare and often considered overly formal. 18. sometime: Sometime began as an adverb. Later, it acquired the sense of â€Å"at some future time,† as in â€Å"I’ll see you again sometime,† and finally developed an adjectival sense. 19. then: The adverbial use of this word (â€Å"I’ll go, then†) and its function as a conjunction (â€Å"First, I waved, and then I called out to her†) were followed by the development as an adjective meaning â€Å"being at that time†; it should be used in place of former or most other synonyms to indicate that the state existed during the time being discussed, as in â€Å"In 1968, then California governor Ronald Reagan considered running for president.† (Note that then is not hyphenated to the following word.) 20. whilom: This synonym for former (and formerly) is archaic and rarely used anymore. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Confused Words #3: Lose, Loose, Loss10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Pricing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pricing paper - Essay Example The pricing for these automobiles are determinant with the comfort and luxury they provide (Genat 12). Determinants of the price The main determinants of pricing and demand are fairly similar between the general market and the hybrid market, but differ significantly between vehicle models or brands. Pricing of luxury and non-luxury automobile differs due to this consideration. In particular, it is revealed that a relatively strong partiality for fuel resourcefulness exists in the markets for hybrids cars, some vehicle brands, and automobiles (Thatchenkery 32). This affinity for fuel resourcefulness, however, is characteristically overshadowed by stronger fondness for horsepower, comfort, safety and weight, characteristics that are pessimistically associated to a vehicle’s fuel market. The 2014 Chevrolet Malibu positioned at fifteen out of twenty two affordable midsize vehicles. This ranking is associated with analysis of available reviews and test drives of the car, as well as dependability and protection data. Automotive experts confirm that the 2014 Chevrolet Malibu has a calm and pleasantly designed interior that is built with typically soft-touch materials. Reviewers confirm that the Malibu has relaxed and spacious front seats. These luxury qualities are pricing determinants for such model or products. Chevy enhanced rear passenger room, but detractors claim that the Malibu’s rear seat requires more legroom. Other reliable influences on demand and pricing comprise brand or model-based status, protection ratings, and brand manufacturers, even though the competitive benefit gained by individual nationality over another differs between models (Malibu 1-2). The external pressures on demand incorporated in the hybrid condition boost the model’s descriptive power but do not overshadow the influence of vehicle conditions. However, issues such as convenience-based incentives, environmentalism, median returns, average travel time, and age all ha ve important effects on hybrid demand and pricing, while tax- and cost- based incentives and other demographic issues do not seem to arouse purchase of hybrids. Gas price only income as important if not scheming for environmentalism, which is probable a result of the cross-sectional environment of the data. Recent changes in the supply and demand 2014 Chevrolet Malibu prices are not affected so much by supply and demand since they are customized to targeted consumers. Rebates and incentives are marketing tactics that are used to introduce new models in the market. Rebates are available on 2014 Chevrolet Malibu as promotional tactics. If one is in the market for a novel vehicle, they compare the latest car discounts or incentives being offered at dealerships rate (Malibu 1-2). This keeps car shoppers knowledgeable with frequently updated information on financing offers, cash rebates, and leasing opportunities that are currently accessible on every model and model. Consumers browse ca r rebates and incentives from manufacturer, or vehicle. They compare rebates and incentives on different models. This is a trend shoppers use to ensure they purchase the products at best deal. Rebates on products are marketing and promotion tactics that guide pricing of product to meet desired demands. External Influences External influences are pricing considerations that companies must put into consideration to ensure they attain market share. Details concerning federal

Bulgaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bulgaria - Essay Example The President of the republic is the head of state and the supreme commander-in-chief. The Prime Minister on the other hand heads and bears responsibility for the overall policy of the government. After a period of political instability in the mid 1990s, there has been a gradual stabilization since 2001 with the election of Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, son of Tsar Boris III, and heir of the royal family, as prime-minister (Library of Congress, 2005). The focus of the governmental power of several consecutive governments has been the EU accession process requiring substantial reforms in the legislative, judiciary, administrative and other spheres of economy. In 2004 Bulgaria's population was estimated at 7,518,000 with a negative growth rate of -0.92 percent per year. About 70 percent of the population is urban; the capital Sofia has population of 1.1 million. Since 1990s migration to Western European countries has increased significantly, with estimated 200,000 residents leaving the country between 1992 and 2002. This movement is expected to accelerate as Bulgaria becomes an EU member state. Concerning ethnic groups, approximately 83 percent are Bulgarians, 9 percent Turks, and 5 percent Roma. In the 1980s during the communist period there was a campaign to assimilate the Turkish population. Today the only ethnic issue is discrimination of Roma who have even lower living standards and are generally regarded as second-class citizens (Library of Congress, 2005). By 1990s during the communist period Bulgaria had strong industrial and agricultural productivity and export within the Soviet and ex-communist countries. Political concussions and the fall of the communist regime resulted in economic shocks, Bulgaria lost many of its markets, because of increased competition and decreased political backup. Productivity levels dropped, many industrial factories were destroyed and plundered, agricultural structures were abolished. This, combined with instability in the political situation, led to a severe economic crisis in 1997-1998. Economical recovery involved the establishment of a currency board and structural changes in all sectors of economy (Library of Congress, 2005). Since that period the country has a slowly developing economy, with lowering inflation rates, improving investor confidence, tax-reducing policies etc. Today the country is facing one of the greatest challenges in its recent economic development - forthcoming EU accession in 1997. EU accession process is as much a political issue, as it is an economical issue. Ever since 1993, when the European Union announced its expansion policy towards Central and Eastern Europe, consecutive governments have adjusted their national programs with view to Bulgaria's prospective accession in the EU. Now, that the principal date of the accession was determined months ago, the government has to overcome many problematic areas, addressed by the EU Commission as areas of specific concern that have to be dealt with beforehand, or else the accession can be postponed. And while the Currency Board pegging the Bulgarian currency (leva) to the euro has contributed to economic stability, increased domestic consumption,

The Formative And Summative Assessment English Language Essay

The Formative And Summative Assessment English Language Essay Why is assessment necessary? Schwartz and Webb (2002) state that from the past 30 years and the great number of language teaching research, assessment is not only the central part of work for teachers, but also the main driver of learning. That is to say, assessment is for teachers and students, to know not only how well they have done but also where they have done well and where they need to make great efforts. Assessment is frequently divided into summative assessment and formative assessment. Testing is the basic way of summative assessment. We often set a test at the end of the learning period. Formative assessment involves the collecting of information or evidence of a learners learning progress in the classroom. (Wang, 2006) Testing is the method most often used in China. For example, in 2011, 9,330,000 high school students took part in the University and College Entrance Examination in China. The enrollment rate of the exam is 72.3%, and only approximately 40% students would be enrolled by universities. Actually, 2011 was not the peak time, the real peak time was at 2008, at that time, the number of Chinese students attending the University and College Entrance Examination is 10,500,000. In 2009, there were 740 universities and 1168colleges in China. Therefore, it is hard to imagine how difficult if the university and colleges selected students without testing. That also led to tests becoming the most important way for evaluating students no matter when they entrance the high education before or after. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Formative and Summative assessment Why assess?, in answering this question, it deals not only with the purposes of assessment, but also the issue of who needs or uses the results. Biggs (1999) pointed out the important distinction between formative and summative functions. The main purpose of summative assessment is to make a judgement regarding each students performance. Students are marked at the end of a module, course or unit, so the results of such assessments are often presented in marks or grades. Summative judgements are also used to accredit learners as the end of the programme. (Falchikov, 2005) Nevo (1995) described these judgements as being for certification and diagnostic purposes. There is a critical thinking about summative assessment: Can test scores be used to inform us about our teaching and learning? Nevo (1995) considered that the answer is: not very much. Because of the students ability and achievement in learning are not measurable in terms of one single test. Even if they can reveal some problems about our teaching or learning, it is often too late to do anything about them, as it is already the end of a learning period. Different from summative assessment, formative assessment is based on information collected in the classroom work and that attention to improving its practice can enhance the learners achievements. For example, English teachers ask students to write an essay, complete a research project, or give a speech in front of whole class. This kind of assessment will provide more information on students learning during the learning process and will be useful for teachers to adjust their teaching according to students needs and base teaching on the success or difficulties of students learning. Formative assessment will be similar to activities that are often carried out in classroom. Students may develop their assessment tasks based on certain classroom activities, work out criteria to be followed when assessing students performance, and do record keeping. The issues involved here are summarized very briefly by Miller, Imrie, and Cox (1998). Formative assessment focuses on the process of learning, and gives students practice in essential skill such as essay writing, problem solving. This type of assessment should be to provide regular feedback to students in order to stimulate learning. (Miller, Imrie and Cox, 1998) Harlen (2004) states the relationship between assessment for formative and summative purpose. Teachers can use summative assessment evidence to help learning, and at the same time, using formative assessment information for summative assessment. It is both a weakness and a strength that summative assessment derived by interpreting formative evidence in a different way that both are in the hand of the teacher. 2.2 What to assess? Journals/ reflective logs/ diaries Brown (1997) argued that learning diaries, logs and journals are essentially the same, in that all are regarded as to promote feedback and all are based on the concept that the feedback is beneficial language learning. Nevertheless, someone always keep it in her/his mind that there are differences between these three activities. Take one example, Freeman and Lewis (1998) find that logs has less personal than diaries. Logs record a learners activities truthfully, while diaries are a personal selection of events that can add some reflection and understanding of their learning. Furthermore, Gibbs (1995) puts journals between diaries and logs, because journals include some reflection but not as personal as a diary. Journals Journal writing is a powerful way for individuals to give accounts of their experience (Clandinin and Connelly, 1994: 421), while writing journal is not only for this purpose, Brown (1997) points out four purposes of leaning journals. He discusses that journal writing as a type of assessment tool creates students opportunities to reflect their learning progress and problems; record students learning experiences. It is also a chance for expressing feeling and emotion of their leaning. Logs Brown (1997) states that student can use learning logs to provide a self-report of their learning experience. In order to solve the problem of this kind of assessment, Brown (1997) proposes that logs may include information concerning what language error or mistakes starts have been made, the reason why occurred this kind of error, how to solve this problems and which kind of approaches will be helpful. Freeman and Lewis (1998:254) emphasize that making an explicit and clear criteria is very important. They advise teacher to tell their student: what to record; how much detail to record; the number and range of items to include; the time period over which to record; the desired format; the type of analysis to be carried out prior to submission. Diaries A diary is a book, which has a separate space, or page for each day, students can write down their learning experiences they have and their private thoughts. A diary with real-time features includes written records, but also involves pictures and other multimedia. Therefore, diaries are described as an appropriate form of assessment where the learning is focusing on the processes of doing something rather than on the result. Diary writing could be a way of building up students confidence in their own thoughts and feelings, rather than taking on other peoples in an uncritical fashion. It could be said therefore to encourage independent thinking (Ashcroft and Foreman-Peck, 1994:59). Falchikov (2005) critically evaluate the advantage and disadvantage of diary writing. These techniques are easy to use and cost effective. What is more? Self-reporting is believed to engender self-revelation, therefore, useful for collecting intimate information. However, a number of disadvantages have also been identified. Assessing logs, journals and diaries As with many of the newer assessment methods, little is recorded in the literature about how logs, journals or diaries may be assessed. Bound and Knights (1994) asserted that setting an assignment which teacher believe will encourage reflection is not sufficient, as the intent of the student is a important determinant of what actually happens. Additionally, Brown (1997) indicated that no study had been done to certain whether the use of learning journals changes the style of learning. Based on his own experience of using the learning log method, assessment may be carried out in a number of ways. Teacher may mark the written record, or using the guidelines supplied as criteria against which to judge the work. Students may submit a self-assessment of all or part of the record. McNamara and Deane (1995) refer to that peer assessment is not suitable method for assessing logs, journals and diaries. Because these diaries were, meant to be private and read only by the writers themselves Oral presentation Falchikov (2005) states that in oral presentations, students research a topic and present their achievement in front of their teacher and other classmates. Oral presentation are often linked with self or peer assessment. Falchikov (2005a) find that involving students in the assessment of oral presentation is very beneficial. At the same time, ask the other peer have to provide feedback, which can get the other students concentration. This way will be more active engagement than simply listening. This kind of assessment will not only improve the oral skill of the students, but also may be developing the other skill. Portfolios Because progress tests and proficiency tests are both need to assess students at the certain time, students only get one-off chance to reveal their real level of knowledge. It is unfair to some students who are not good at exams innately. As a result, portfolio assessment appeared, unlike traditional measures which tend to evaluate students possession of knowledge at the certain time, portfolio assessment can allow students to show their best pieces of work over the period of time. There are some obvious benefits of portfolio assessment; firstly, it makes students more independent and self-governing. Whats more ¼Ã… ¸Students have a chance to modify their work before submitting, it will have a positive wash back effect on assessment. (Harmer, 2007) However, the pitfalls still exist in portfolio assessment. Using portfolio assessment can be time-consuming; teacher need more time to give the marks. The reliability of portfolio assessment need to be consider, because students complete this kind of assessment out of classroom, it is difficult to confirm that the students finish their assessment by themselves, nobody helps them. (Harmer, 2007) 2.3 The relationship between assessment and pedagogy Before we discuss the relationship between assessment and teaching approach, we need to clear the concept of these approaches: Their definitions, features and so on. The Presentation, Practice and Production (PPP) PPP refer to presentation, practice and production. At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures. At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled to guided practice. At the production stage, teacher will encourage students to present what they have learned and perform some communicative activity. In this stage, the heart of the matter is on meaning ¼Ã‹â€ fluency ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °rather than forms (accuracy). (Harmer, 2007) Some of the advantages of the PPP model are that first it is clear and easy to conduct by the teacher. Secondly, it is easy to evaluate, as there are often clear goals to be obtained. Thirdly, there is the belief that learning with focus on forms will become one kind of habit (Skehan, 1996). Nevertheless, with the development of theories in TESOL, some language teachers keep it in their mind that the PPP model is not valid. It is not enough for the teacher to simply help practise the structure. The teacher should also try to create meaningful teaching materials for student to use the structures learned in real communication (Wang, 2006).. Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) Task-based Language Teaching is widely promoted in English language teaching nowadays. Many teachers are asking what is Task-based Language Teaching? How is TBLT different from communicative language teaching? Task-based Language Teaching is, in fact, a further development of CLT (Walsh, 2011). Thornbury (2006) suggests that TBLT has emerged from the strong form of CLT. It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. However, it has stressed the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching. When students are carrying out a task, they are focusing on the complete act of communication. Sometimes, however, we may wish to focus their attention on individual aspects of language, such as vocabulary, grammar or individual skills. We can call these activity exercises. Another kind of activity, which is very common in CLT, comes halfway between tasks and exercises. This kind of activity consists of contextualised practice of language items (often a particular grammar point). For instance, it could be an activity that helps the students to master the present continuous tense by getting them to describe what is happening in a picture. This kind of activity can be called an exercised-task. (Littlewood, 1993) Differences between PPP and TBLT Willis (1996) provided two perspectives to identify the difference between PPP and TBLT. The way learners express language in TBLT is completely different from PPP (Willis, 1996). In TBLT, all 3 components (task, planning and report) are free of language control, students have to rely on their own language resources. The purpose of TBLT is using language for real communication. In PPP model, learners adjust their language at the practice stage. Nevertheless, in TBLT, we adjust our language at the report stagethe last one. The planning stage encourages students to consider appropriateness and accuracy of the language form in general, rather than the production of a single form. The report allows learner to exchange their idea and information freely, but in PPP model, learners do not have any freedom to a certain extent. TBLT can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities. PPP is different in this aspect (Willis, 1996). In PPP model, with the presentation of the target language coming first, this context has to be invented. However, in TBLT, the context is already established by the task itself. When students finished the task, the language is already familiar. The activities in TBLT encourages learners to use the target language to analyse and think, not just simply to repeat. A PPP model leads from accuracy to fluency; a TBLT cycle leads from fluency to accuracy (combined with fluency). Overall, PPP offers a simplified approach to language learning. It is based upon the idea that you can present language in a clear way. Moreover, your language develops by adding new forms from one lesson to the next. However, simply being able to produce forms in isolation will not help learners acquire the language for communication. Research proves that if there are plenty of opportunities with students to practise language in meaningful context, which will be the best way for students to acquire language effectively. (Frost, 2004) 2.3.4 Introduction of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Although people have different understanding of communicative language teaching, the following three principles suggested by Richards and Rodgers (2001): Communication principle: the core of CLT activities are real communication, which will promote language learning. Task principle: the language used in activities is for carrying out the tasks, which will promote learning. Meaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process. It is important to note that CLT requires a higher level of communicative competence on the part of the teacher. It also requires that teacher develops a wider range of skills beyond the presentation and explanation of grammatical structures (Hedge, 2000). In a communicative classroom, a great deal of time is spent on managing learning, setting up activities, organizing resources, guiding students in pair/group work. Howatt (1984) proposes a weak and a strong version of CLT. With the weak version, learners first acquire language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communication. The strong version of CLT claims that language is acquired through communication (Howatt, 1984:279). This means that learners discover the structural system in the process of learning how to communicate. In other words, the weak version regards overt teaching of language forms and functions as necessary means for helping learners to develop the ability to use them for communication, whereas the strong version regards experiences of using the language as the main means or necessary condition for learning a language as they provide the experience for learners to see how language is used in communication. Savignon (2004) maintains that CLT in its strong form cannot be adhered to via a single textbook, implicitly suggesting that ELT materials that are termed communicative must be adhering to the weaker form. 3. Methodology 3.1 Research question The topic research question: What are English teacher own beliefs about the effects of assessment on teaching English experience? Finding the balance between formative assessment and summative assessment. Then try to find the relationship between assessment and pedagogy. I intend to centre on teachers viewpoints on English language assessment. From teachers aspect, the questions will draw attention to the close relationship between assessment and pedagogy. What type of assessment is beneficial to teaching? That is to say, what kind of assessment is good for learning English? When assessment is solely dependent on test results, teachers tend to begin teaching to the test (washback effect). Teaching has become test practice. They try to find out what will be tested and how it will be tested. Is it good for learning English? 3.2 Interview Question Design In the beginning, my interview questions are very generalization, and contain some specialized vocabulary. I used to have an interview experience, so I know if the questions are too hard to answer, will be putting pressure on interviewees. Therefore, I try to make my question simplification and concretization, in order to reduce the pressure on interviewees. Interview questions of teachers 1. According to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why? 2. Could you explain the advantage and disadvantage of each assessment respectively? 3. When you assess your students language learning, how many factors do you consider? What are they? 4. Do you consider the motivation of your students? 5. Besides testing, what are the other methods that can be used to gather information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? Please give examples if possible. 6. What are the usual formats of the tests that you have taken in your experiences of English teaching? 7. Is there any particular format that you like or dislike? Give your reasons. 8. Do you think examinations could reflect student learning better than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance. 3.3 Methods the Rationales Since the total conception of the research was based on investigating English language teachers and Chinese learners own beliefs about the effects of assessment on learning English experience, go without saying, the research methods used should be satisfied this determination. Qualitative approach is above all else a person-centred enterprise and therefore particularly appropriate to our work in the field of language teaching (Richards, 2003:9), so it deserves to be depended on in my research. A number of different interview types can be employed to gather data for qualitative research. Interviews are often associated with survey-based research, as well as being a technique used by many qualitative researchers. In structured interviews, researchers usually ask an identical set of questions of all respondents. Less rigid are semi-structured interview, in which the researcher used a written list of questions as a guide, while still having the freedom to digress and explore more information. On the other hand, in unstructured interview, no list of questions is used. Instead, interviewers develop and adapt their own questions, helping respondents to open up and express themselves in their own terms and at their own speed. (Mackey and Gass, 2005) Mackey and Gass (2005) stated that interviews could allow researchers to investigate phenomena that are not directly observable, such as learners self-reported perceptions or attitudes. In addition, because interviews are interactive, researchers can elicit additional data if initial answers are vague, digression, incomplete, or not specific enough. Another advantage of interview is that they can be used to elicit data from learners who are not comfortable in other modes. Take one instance, some learners are more at ease speaking than writing and more likely to provide extended answers in a conversational format. Depending on the research question and the resources available, interviews can also be conducted in the learners mother tongue (L1), thus removing concerns about the proficiency of the learner affecting the quality and quantity of the data provided. According to the two groups of interviewee, I apply in different interview type. For students group, I prefer using semi-structured interview. For teachers group, the narrative interview may be the best policy. Actually, the narrative interview is one kind of unstructured interview. Flick (2002) defines that the narrative interview is different from the traditional way of interview, which will help the researchers free themselves from the question-answer pattern and approach the personal experience of interviewees. The interviewees are encouraged to tell their own stories of the assessment on learning English experience. 3.4 Research Procedure I explained to my interviewee in the beginning about the whole process, the orientation of the questions, and the time needed approximately. During the process of our interview, the interviewees could speak both English and Chinese. Because I had no experience about how to conduct an interview, and did not do the Pilot Study that is a simulated interview before the real interview. Therefore, when I interview my first participant -Wing, sometime she confused by the question which sounded profound. Wing was my best friend in China and she was very nice and patient. If she did not understand what I mean, she will discuss with me about this question. Then I revised my questions with her help. She proposed some suggestion for my interview. I also discuss with her about my question for students. During the process of interview, I encourage interviewees to talk about some of their own experiences. Moreover, do not mind if they use Chinese to explain the questions more clearly. Finally, after we went through all the questions, the interview was going smoothly. 3.5 Ethical Concerns There are some important ethical concerns, which have been considered throughout the entire study. At first, consent both in written (see Appendix) and verbal form was given to each potential participant previously, so that they could have enough time to decide whether to join this research. Because my research method is interview, my participants are not anonymous to me. Therefore, protecting their privacy and holding in confidence what they share with me must be the best policy. I will fully inform all of participants about my research purpose, and make sure they totally understand what their agreement to participate entail. Furthermore, participates can withdraw from my research at any time. 4. Result Teacher A : Wing What is Wings belief about the effects of assessment on learning English experience? Wing thinks that English assessment, especially test is absolutely very important. Because she worked in a Cram school, has lots of pressure from the administrate of the school and her students parents. What is assessment? Wing regards the language assessment as a tool to keep a check on her learners, through a language assessment, she can find out strengths and weakness of her students and herself. Actually, in most of cases, Wing thinks that assessment is to do with testing. Do you think examinations could reflect student learning better than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance. Wing believes that examinations cannot be said to be the best means of assessment, but the test is really the most effective way to measure students language learning effect. Besides testing, what are the other methods that can be used to gather information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? That is to say, what are the other methods that you prefer using to assess your student? You have some choices: teachers observation, interview, journals/ reflective logs/diaries, oral presentations, portfolios. Wing recalls the day when she was a student, both her English and Chinese language teachers recommended diary writing as an effective means of improving language proficiency. Therefore, when she started as a teacher, she began to try to use this method to assess her students. Actually, diary writing is the better way to assess student grammar and vocabulary. Towards grammar, she could identify common error in the use of article, tenses and preposition. Common errors in the spelling of particular word were also easily spotted. Towards vocabulary, diary writing can be very good to help students understand some words of their special usage. For example, lots of students always confuse the usage of the words hope and wish, because in China, there is a word can express both these two words. In students diaries, many students often want to express a strong desire or hope for something, but they always confound these two words. Wing mentions that some students translate their meaning from Chinese to English directly, they do not think in English way. After a period, Wing finds that dairies writing have some shortcoming. For example, sometimes teacher is hard to control what student write. Sometimes what students write are not teacher want to assess. Sometimes Wing finds that it is quite difficult to comments or analyses her students diaries, because diaries is their own experience. Therefore, Wing changes her assessment method in the other way. She ask all of her student to read a series of books BOOK WORMS which was published by Oxford University Press. This series of books are the simplification of many world famous works. Every time she will layout a book requires students to read at home, and then write impression of the book. she wants to find out the difficulties her students had with a summary assignment they had been given, so she requested that her students write in their diary, talk about the difficulties they had when they did the assignment. However, Wing also finds out that if she too frequently requires students to do like that, by the time the students have lost all their motivation for writing diary. According to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why? Because Wing works in a Cram school, each student in this school has a goalthat is to pass the exam. This invisible to students a great deal of pressure, will definitely affect their learning effect. She believes that formative assessment is good for language teaching and learning. Consider the other methods (you mentioned at question 3) that you prefer using to assess your student again, which is your purpose of this assessment method? Formative or summative? Formative assessment. Wing think that it could be for summative assessment, but she think there is intense pressure on her students from exam, she does not want to put more pressure on her students. Therefore, she always assess her students by formative purpose. In your classroom, what teaching methods do you usually use? Grammar translation approach or you can say that is PPP (Presentation, Practice and Production) module. When you assess your students language learning, how many factors do you consider? You have some choice: linguistic (Grammar and Vocabulary), interest, culture background, motivation, teaching approach, to foster learning ability. Wing states that she will consider grammar and vocabulary at the first place, because all of her teaching and assessment are examination-oriented. Do you think that your main teaching approach will influence you to assess your students? Wing says that it is difficult to answer this question. She want to say yes, because her teaching goal is examination-oriented, she use grammar-translation approach, therefore, she is unable to control herself to consider linguistic (Grammar and Vocabulary) when she assess her students. Teacher B: Linda What is Lindas belief about the effects of assessment on learning English experience? Linda works in a private high school, she has approximately 2 years teaching experience. What is assessment? Linda always use language assessment in her classroom, she regards language assessment as a way of keeping a check on the student learning. She always carry out an assessment with recording-keeping, to discover learners achievements. Do you think examinations could reflect student learning better than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance. Linda thinks that examination is not the only way that could reflect student learning. She cannot decide which one is better. Besides testing, what are the other methods that can be used to gather information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? That is to say, what are the other methods that you prefer using to assess your student? You have some choices: teachers observation, interview, journals/ reflective logs/diaries, oral presentations, portfolios. Linda indicated that she always use interview and oral presentation to assess her students. Compared to other skills, Linda pays more attention to speaking skill during she assess her student. She suggests dividing her process of assessment into two parts: If it is the first time she meets a student, she prefers to interview s/he face to face. Regard to her all class, Linda think oral presentation is not only benefit for students learning, but also good for team cooperation spirit. According to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why? Formative assessment. In the process of learning, keep abreast of student mastery of knowledge, correct errors in a timely manner, to amend his mistakes early is better than the final. Consider the other methods (you mentioned at question 3) that you prefer using to assess your student again, which is your purpose of this assessment method? Formative or summative? For interview, Linda think formative assessment will be her purpose, because it focus on what are the next steps in learning. For oral presentation, summative assessment will be h

Generation Gap Essay

Generation gap can be defined as an opposed division between younger people and older ones. It can be perceived in cultural as well as political fields of society nowadays. Nevertheless, the differences may begin to be bridged in diverse ways within those main fields. On one hand, the existence of clear contrasts between generations as language, fashion and art values may be easily appreciated in the Media, even the streets with graffiti and all kind of artistic works. What are well known among youngsters are the wide variety of codes they are able to create and manage, like the linguistic codes; the clothes they choose to design and wear and even the music they play and listen to, which are changing constantly in order to make adult people feel away from their own matters. In addition, it seems that revolution is an irreplaceable subject kept alive by young people exclusively. What they think is that their ideas are the best ones for he World’s welfare, especially in the political and social fields. On the other hand, this distance between generations has existed since Ancient times when the elder people ruled all the societies and they were respected and even worshipped in several cases like the Greek and Romans civilizations. It seems that at present times, old people are sent to places of retirement and it may difficult and in the worst situation, impossible to participate in society decisions at all. Nevertheless, what Globalization cannot change nowadays are values. They have never been altered like love, solidarity, wisdom and common sense and they would be thought as bridges between distant generations. In conclusion, the generation gap may produce some misunderstandings in numerous senses whereas it will exist as part of evolution of human beings. However, it would seem to be a challenge to create new bridges to connect both sides through common cultural and political devices.

Case Study Organizational Behavior Management - 1261 Words

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